The fauna from La Cueva del Volcán del Faro (Cullera, Valencia). A Preliminary Discussion
Iain Davidson
[page-n-7]
lAIN DAV IDSON
(Selwyn College, Cambridge)
The Fauna from La Cueva del Volcan del Faro
(Cullera. Valencia). A Preliminary Discussion
A.
THE FAUNA
An examination of the animal bones from th e first season of excavations at «La Cueva del Yolcan del Faro, Cullera» (see e . g . Aparicio & Fletcher, 1970) was undertaken as part of a detailed examination of the economy of the site, and its relationships with other sites in the area . For
the purposes of thi s ana lysis it was fe lt that it was most important to
consider which were the most abundant food sources.
The deposit divides into two convenient parts, according to the artefacts and according to the condition of the bones. At the top, layers I-IV
contain materia l described as Bronze Age. Layer V is archaeologically sterile, but some bones were found contaminating the deposit. There is no
Neolithic artefact material, but in layer V I and below there is no pottery
and the artefacts have been described as Magdalenian, and t he sequence
cont inues to layer XXV III at a depth of 11 '25 m. Layer X IX contains the
fi rst example of a Baston de Mando from Mediterranean Spain . (Fletcher &
Aparicio, 1969a and .I 969b) .
Layer I: Sea-shells, several species. Dyis sp. or Capra sp.
Layer II - IV : Ovis sp. or Capra sp., Cervus sp., Sus scrofa, LepII. sp. or
Oryctolagll' sp., Bo. sp., small Carnivore, Bird, Crustacean, Sea-shell, 2 species of Fish.
Layer VI-XXVI II : Equlls sp., Ceryus sp. both abundant. Lepus sp. or
Oryctolagus sp. common. Small numbers of other species; Pig, Cattle, Bird
and ?Hedgehog, 2 species of Carnivore.
The re was only one bone of Capra sp., a complete maxilla in layer XX III.
-7-
[page-n-8]
2
I. DAVIDSON
B.
THE ANIMALS REPRESENTED
Most interest centres on the animals from the palaeoli th ic layers and
the ir relevance to the relationships that exist between thi s si te and Parpal16 (Pericot, 1942), a d istance of 21 km . away as th e crow fl ies. Detail ed
Identificat ions and quan t itative assessments are being undertaken and particular emphasis will be placed on the most important food sources; horse
and deer.
Steh lin and Gra ziosi (1935 ) did no t claim any Equus hydruntinus sou th
of t he Pyrenees, but Wernert (1956) reclassi fi ed the E. caz urroi of S. J ulia
de Ramis, Gerona as E. hydruntinus and Boessn eck (1 968 & 1969) suggests,
t hat it m ay be present in Granada during the Bronze Age. This anima l is
common in the Salento peninsula in Italy at si mi lar latitude and in a simi lar environment to parts of Va lencia and at sites contemporary to Parpall6 and Volcan. It will be of interest to determine whe ther it was present t his far sou th in Spai n during the late Ple istocene, o r whether it is
only the previously identified Equ us caba llus which is present (1) .
(I) The eli$te~ of both large and sman equid, I ' Volein Ind I1 Parpallo h.u now
been confirmed. The T able and Graph indica te the extent of the size differences of Ist Phalam: sptCimens from both sites compared to the published measurements for tWO French
sites (Bonilay, 1963, 162; 1964, 393). At this stage sophis tica ted ,uatbtical trea tment is not
passible due to the smaU samples, though Student', I T es ts IUn"t that the difference beween
the measurements of the Width of the Distal Articulation i, significant at the 0'02 level.
EqwlI hidnmlhinllS (sic) has recently been reponed from Ciudad Real (T on es, 197 1) but
the lack of suatigraphy at the site does 110t excl ude the possibil ity that this is .. modern
e:JIllmple. Notwithsuanding:, the published fauna includes Rhinoceros mnc/l: ii and A/en a/ells
as well as CIIJ'VIU f lapllllS and E'qll I4S caool/us. The meuurcments of the fint phalanx of the
.alter agree well with the above.
Comparison of the ParpaU6 material with that published fcom Geron. (Cabrera, 1919)
and oC both Valencia n sites with France confirm, Wem ert't identification of E'qllI4S (Asinl4s)
Ilvdrunlilll4s an d extends th e range of the ~pecies during the Pleistocene into Southeast Spain
for the first time (26-1-1972).
TAB L B
x
y
...
... ... ...
23'7
23'6
407
... .. . .
... .
... ..
17'S
19'1
29'1
27'"
d
d
Parpa llo .. .. . ...
Parpa ll 6..
d'
,
•
b
Parpa1l6 ..
.
..
VolC1in ... ...
Rigabe ... . ..
.
Baume - Rous$e .. .
,,~
1O~
27'5
16'4
31'S
Table of measurements of E ql4j,u sp. 1st Phalanx, D istal cnd. Measurements in millimetres.
X - Thickness of DislIl Epiph ysis. Y _ Width of Distal ArticuJation.
-8-
[page-n-9]
"AUS ... Ol EVA DEL
vou:.4:s
3
T he Deer spec ies is almost cer tainly Red Deer, Cervus ela phus, but the
possibility must be considered that there is some Da ma sp., as this species
has been reported fr ::lm Parpall6. Much more material par t icularly an t lers
mus t be st udied before t his can be conf irmed (21 .
The ques tion of the Lag::lmorphs wi11 also be considered . At Parpal16,
Sos y Bainat (1947) writes of hare, lepu s cun ic ulus, wh ile Pericot (1 968),
writes of rabbi t, Oryct olag us c un ic ulus. In recen t studies o f hares in Spain,
Africa and Israel (Petter, 1959 , 1961 & 1963 ; Yom-Tov, 1967), it has been
demonstrated tha t the de tailed taxonomy of the Le pu s species may be un impor tant, s ince size clines exist be tween species as defined for Mediterra nean areas, under the in flue nce of Bergmann's and Alien's Laws . There are
Wd is t.
art.
Equus
Phal.1.
d •
d .
40
cabal! us
35
b.
30
d' •
a.
c.
hyd runt inus
25
5
10
15
20
Tdist ep.
(l) Nunoe of the material studioed , to the proescnt date, fronl any of the sitcs of the pro"incoe, suggC$ts the proescncc of more than onc spccioes of deoer , which is Red Deer, Cn'tIl lS
~;"plml. In addition, aU the I~th $0 far studied from I'arpallu, attributed originally by Sos
10 ot her d~r species _ Roe Doeoer, Capuolus caprrolllS, or Fallow I)coer, C .. rtlIIS damll or Din""
(ia"," -or 10 Chamois, R •• picllpra n,picllprtl, have been of young animals, with milk dentition,
the deer of Red Deer, C .. rtlUS .. laplHIS and the Chamois of Goat, Cllprll Ip. It rema ins to be
sccn whether any of thoe other animals an: prcsem at any of the Late Pala""lithic si t(:$ 01
V~ lencia.
,
-.-
[page-n-10]
I. O",VIOSON
however shades of difference between the environmental requirements at
hares and rabbits and it will be important to sett le this problem. Per icot
t 1968), has suggested that rabbits (or whatever species is represented) may
have been one th e basic foods of the inhabitants a t Parpall6. Wh ile this
possi bili ty must be ca refully considered, especi ally in view of the universa lity of bones o f this anima l at Palaeoli thic and o ther sites in Spain, it seems
most likely that it was not an important food . Availabl e rabbits may have
been eaten, but were not a staple . The food re presen ted by the horse and
deer greatly outweighs the importance of rabbit in the diet, and if we
make the assumpt ion that the animals drawn and painted in Palaeolithic
art are common food sources, then th is vi ew is suppor ted by the absence
of represen tations of rabbi ts on the engraved and pa inted plaques of Pa rpall6. The condi t ion of the bones also supports it, for most long bones in
particular on ly show fract ures which occur in condi lions other than those
of human predation. The writer has observed identicaJ frac tures in ske le tons found in moorland districts of Britain .
Other animals of m inor im portance in the diet include ca ttle, pig and
possi bl y hedgehog. Cattle and pig are bolh scarce a t Parpall6, and hedgehog, if the identifica tion is correct, is a species not present there.
A much important differen ce is the scarcity of Capra sp., which al Parpall6 was the most abundan t animal in all layers (Sos y Bainal , 1947; Pe rico t, 1942, 268). It was also one of the animals mos t commonly represented on the engraved plaques there .
Di stinc tion be tween all capri ne species is s till diff icult from bonc morphology alone, despite detailed studies, and for Capra sp. drawings a re often
little better. The species to be conside red are C. ibex and C. pyre naica , the
Spanish ibex, wh ilst many drawings would not exclude C. aegragus, t hough
its presence in Spain is unlikely. (Ellerman & Morrison-Sco tt, 1966; tor
d rawings, see Pericot, 1942, 121 ; and figs 149, pag . 159 and 81, pag . 138;
bu t see also fig . 284, pag . 186.) Zeune r (1953, 188 ), poin ts out tha t the
Gibraltar capr ines fall with in the range of variation of C. ibe x. In order to
avoid t he difficu lties involved in t his taxonomy, goa t is preferred t hroughout and taken to mean Capra sp. Some implications of the economic differen ce from Parpall6 represented by the absence of goats from Yolcan will
be considered below.
.- 10 -
[page-n-11]
FAUNA CUI!VA Dl!l VOu:AN
C.
,
THE GOATS (a discussion )
If we are to attribute it to some excavation sampling error, and
the size and range of bone recovered suggests that there is no reason to
do so, th en the absence of goats a t Volc.in is very importan t (3). Recent
~ tu dies (e. g. Isaac, 1967) have emphasised some of t he processes involved in the creation of archaeological assemblages, part icula rl y of fau na.
These involve non-random processes of accumula t ion, preservation and excavation so that there may be no predictable rela tionship between an archaeological fauna assemb lage and a fauna I associa t ion as defined by zoologists. In addition, it is quite common in archaeological report s to discuss
fauna wi t h insufficien t detail, so that we migh t st ress the presence of goat
indica ted by the single maxilla, ra ther than emphasising the more remarkable general absence of goats.
The association of goat, horse and deer in archaeological assemblages
i ~ very common in Spai n during the Pl eistocene, but it is not rare to find
sites where one or more of these is absent. It is rare that it is only goat
of these three tha t is missing. The lis t includes the Mousterian sites at
Bellus, Valencia of Cava Negra (layers C and Al and La Pechina, and in
the North at Capellades, Barcelona -Abrigo Romani. Late Palaeolithic si tes
include S. J ulia de Rami s, Gerona.
;'3) 11,anks to the generous cooperation of D. Domingo F lctcher and D. Jose Aparicio
of thl' S. I. P. of Valencia il was possible for the writer to be presen t doring the 1971 season
of excavations at La Cueva del Voldn and to study the bones as they were excavated. D . Jav;er
1-'011ea of Salamanca University kindly allowed him to sludy the bones from a rt"Cent season
of excava tions at Les M allaetes and work has begun on detailed study of the collection from
Professor PericOI'S excavations of Parpa116. To all of these people are due sincere thanks. As
a result il is possible at this stage to offer some comparisons of numbers of bones, though
definitive estimates of the minimum numbers of an imals arc 1I0t yet possible.
Thus of more than 1900 bones so far identified from Parpal16, 460 are of dee r, 1.234 of
goat, 70 of 80$ sp. and 129 from both species of Eqllll$ $p. At Mallaetes, of nearly 700 bolles
from all levels 100 are of deer, 203 of Gopra sp. and only 7 of the cquids. 10 contrast more
thao 1.000 identified booes from Voldn show 104 of deer, no more than 1 of goat and only
6 of horse. It should be pointed out that the fint campaign had a higher proportion of hor~e.
The totals are com pleted in each case by small animals, some carnivores but mostly ra bbiu.
It may be that the proportion of rabbit bones is mOSt accurately represented by the Voldn
figu res, where they nearly 90 % of the total. An estimate of the mi nimum number of animals
froIT: a sample from the 1971 excavations showed 25 rabbits, 2 deer and 2 equids, about 85 %
r:ohbiu. But these figures used to estimate of meal weights, very much in favour of rabbits
(Ial)!'e rabbits and small deer and horse) would give 200 kg. of deer and horse meat and only
SO kg. of rabbit, some 20 %. This figu re will be estimated more accurately in future studin.
These Hgures are only presented at this stage to emphasise the scarci ty of goats at Voican,
and the possible scarcity of horse at Mallaetes. The figures of minimum numben of animals
and of meat weights are presented to indicate wha t these bone numbers could mean in a
mar.: deta,led d iscussion. These figures should not be taken to mean any more.
-
ll -
[page-n-12]
I.
6
D~YIOSOS
TA
• ,
L
Capra • p.
B•• • p .
Equus • p .
Cervus .p .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
MOU5TER IAN
Gorham 's cave
P-K "' " ...
J .. ...
H-F.. .
... ...
...
E.. .. .
Cova Negra
E..
D ..
+
e..
B..
A. . ...
L. Pechina ...
Romani. .. . . .
+
.. .
U. PALAEOLlTHIC
Gorham's cave
D-B ... ...
A. . ... ... ...
Castillo ... ... .. .
ParpaI16 .. . ... ...
Romani . . . . . . ...
S. Julia de Ramis ...
Falset ... ... .. .
+
+
+
+
+
+
ME50LlTH IC
La Cocina
... ... ... ...
+
+
+
N. B. Thi s Table does not attem pt to include al l know sites in Spai n .
We may therefore look carefully a t the reasons for the absence at Volcan, and work is in progress on the reasons for their absence elsewhere.
Three main fa c tors which may preven t the dispersion of goats from Parpall6 10 Volcan will ba considered in outl ine here :
I.
11 .
Ill.
Geography.
Environment .. ",d Competition .
Man -Animal Relationships .
-
12 -
[page-n-13]
.."UN" CUf.V" PF.L VOLcAN
I.
7
GEOGRAPHY
It is possible to imagine circumstances in which a geographical barrier
prevented the successful dispersion of a species. This seems particularly
obvious where there is an island population. Only a small rise ot sea- level
above the present height, or extension inland of the sea, would comple tely
isolate the limestone hill on which Vo1cim is situated, and this may be an
explanation for the absence of Neolithic at the si te. It is claimed t hat the
coasl' near Valencia has advanced 3 km. since Roman times {Houston,
1959, 1101, so that a sea inland from the present shore is at least possible,
during the post- glacial period. Much of the present coast line is formed
by recent deposi t ion and inf illing, and the only indica tion we have at present
on Plei stocene sea -levels is the negative fact tha l at Volean the sea was
not an important resource until t he Bronze Age. Gigout (J959) pOin ts to
the lack of visible marine featur es of the Quaternary in the Spanish Levant and concludes tha t there has been tectonic depression in t hese areas,
and particularly of the hill of Voleiln. The occupation of the site cf Volciin
may nol extend back until the date of the high sea-level preceding the
maximum cold phase of Wurm, but its position close 10 the present coast
could provide impor tant evidence about sea- levels if it does. There is at
present no evidence of the isolat ion of the hill of Volciin. However, if the
coasta l route were cut off, without isolating the hill, then the on!y barrier
would be the Sierra de las Agujas. This range is exploited today by herds
and flocks and karst vegetation may not have been very differen t during
the late Pleistocene, so that a similar animal exploitation could have taken
place during the occupa tion of Voleiln and Parpall6. The range is largely
unexplored for palaeolithic si t es .
11 .
ENVIRONMENT AND COMPfTlTION
Si te-catchments were estimated for Vokan and Parpall6 based on the
met hods used by Vita -Finzi and H iggs et al. (1 9101 in Israel (see Map).
These served to emphasise the differences between the environments avail able a t the two sites. Whi le Parpall6 is within a limestone massif and has
several large areas of Terra Rossa and other soil in poljes and doli nes as
well as in the Marchuquera (RosseIl6, 1968), Vokan has a ca tchment domin ated by the present rice fie lds, arronles, and orange groves naranjales, of
the Ribera Baja with less than 5 % of the catchment taken up by the lime stone hill . (Houston, 1959, 186). Both areas are well watered, Parpal16 by
numerous springs and Vo1ciin by the River Jucar and the freshwater la ke,
La Albufera, which formerly extended to within 5 km. of Cullera (de Passa
1844 quoted in Momblanch y Gonzalbez, 1960,21) . The area of the lake
has been controlled at least since the 19th cen tury so that while it had
-
13 -
[page-n-14]
N
···· . . ···· . . ··0'.'.
"•
",
'
r
..
'.
••
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
/
••
•
••••
,/
0'
.....
"
00°
".
000
,"L IHtTS
CAVES ..
O~
•••
CATCH"'ENT AREA S
CENT RES OF
POPUl.I, TlON
YILLAGE
CONTOUR LINES
•
•
+
~
AT 100 "'ErRES~
PROVINC IAL
BOUNDARY ' · ' -
" '
"
1: Cucvu del Vo lcan. - 2: Le" ""a lia d es. - 3: El P a r pa ll6. _ 4: lHa ru n llcM. 5: 8 arrll llC Bla n c. - G: Ra tes P cn aell.
a : R tbera Haja . _ b: Sierra de las _~ , ujall. - c: Mond i, be r , - 11 : M;Jrchuquc n . - e: 8lma\. - f : 8 arl,.
I : 300.000
[page-n-15]
F~UN~ OUEY~
DEL VOLCAN
,
area of 14.O hectares in the 17th century, by 1927 it had s tabilized at
ca . 3.()(X) hectares (Casas Torres, 1943 ; and see Houston op. cit., 183) .
The lake is formed by restriction of drainage by dune formati ons, as in
o ther areas of the Valencian coast (RosseIl6, 1963 & 1969, I, 24) . For a
parallel sit ua tion in Majorca, Butzer and Cuerda (1962) have stated that
the final regression of Wurm is characterised by local accumulation of
littoral dunes, a process which continued through one or more phases of
the Holocene . The Geological Survey (Templado and Meseguer, 1947) put
the dep th of Quaternary deposit near Valencia a t between 100 and 200
metres, while Houston (op. ci t., 17 1), puts it at 16m. near Puzol, and
2 10m. near Valencia . Vita-Finzi sugges ts (1969, 69) that much of the
deposit is post-glacial, in agreement with other findings in Mediterranean
areas, and with Mabesoone (1969) in the Guadalete estuary. The chronology of the deposit ion is not well studied and we have little detailed in for mation about the past environments of the si te for periods relevant 10 the
present study. There are no known palaeoenvironmental studies from the
Ribera , and the on ly local pollen diagram is from Ereta de Pedregal , Navarres (Menendez & Florschut z, 1961). If we assume an even rale of soi l
deposition a t that site and extrapolate the two C 14 dates, we might be able
to make est imates of palaeoenvironments back to 11 .000 BP. The change
of soil type from peat, turba , to sandy peat, turba a re nosa, would then be
dat ed to ca . 10 .000 BP, around the onse t of warmer climate in Northern
Europe (Van der Hammen et ai, 1967 ; Dansgaard et ai , 1969) and in agree ment wi th pollen da ta and carbon dates from Padul , Granada (Menendez
and Florschlilz, 1964) . The differences between the pollen diagrams from
Ereta and Padul and between the two diagrams from the same profile at
Cueva del Toll, Moya, Barcelona (Bu tzer and Freeman, 1968) particu la rly
in the varia t ions shown in the tree pollen coun t s emphasise how difficult
it is 10 extrapolate pollen resu lts even to si milar environments. The problems of d ispersion (Tauber, 19651. particularly of tree pollen in areas
where there is considerable vertical zonation of vegetation, me
The recent work of Butzer and Freeman (1968) discusse s the problems
of reconciling pollen and fauna I data, as attempted by Donner
15 -
[page-n-16]
10
I.
O"VIOSO~
ence for different environments, available within the catchment o f the si te
(e . g. Boessneck, 1968), Fluc tuations in climate cou ld alter the available
environmen ts (Higgs, 196 1) , At Volcan there is no indica t ion of non -uni formity of environment, with the exception of 500 hectares in t he imme diate environs of the si te, which may be too small 10 suppor t a popula t ion
o f large mammal s (e . g . goa ts, horses, deer) ei t her al l year, or without compe t ing for the graz.ing on the plain . We must conclude therefore that both
dee r and horse were exploi t ing similar envi ronments, or t ha t there were
environmenta l varia t ions due, ei ther to edaphic fac tors at present unknown,
or to grazing and browsing by herbivores. Odum (1969, 239) indicates
how the reduc t ion of natural predation on a deer population a t Kaibab,
Arizona caused massive reduction of the fores t cover. It may be that the
environment around Cu llera was wooded with some open areas. Zeuner
(1963, 130) and o thers (e . g. Donner and Kur h~ n, 1958; Rodriguez, 1960
and Pfeffer, 1967) emphasise that wild goats are adapted to st eep rocky
environments, par ticularly alpine or beyond the tree line. Th ey browse shrubs,
ra ther than trees or grass, but can be driven to eating most plant s. They
are particularly vulnerable to preda t ion in o ther envi ronment s due to their
adapta tion to escape by agil ity rather than speed. They would not prefe r
a wooded plain bu t may exploi t it (e . g. under control by man) and certainly descended to near sea -level at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar (Zeuner,
1953 ). The ease with which goa ts are herded from Barig, in the vicini ty of
Parpall6, today, may indicate that even that environmen t was no t a favour able one for wild goa ts and that the consistent exploitation of them during
the Late Palaeolithic indicates a close man-animal relationship, perhaps
herding.
It '-
MAN _ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS
The conventional picture of the economy of Palaeolithic times is of
groups of hunters kill ing unsystematically, (e. g . San Va le ro, 1955; Alma ·
gro, 1947, 330) . Th is is being increasi ngl y challenged as new approaches
a re tri ed, in many areas (Higgs & Jarman, 1969; Jones, 1970; Cart~ r ,
1970; Jarman, 19 71 ; Isaac, 197 1; Harri ss, 197 1,52). Predator-prey rela t ionships are rarely unsys tema t ic exploi ta t ions (Elton, 1950, 29; Kruuk &
Turner, 1967; Schal1er & lowther, 1969 ; Eaton, 1969) , Exploita t ion of the
seasonal movements of animal populations is suggested as an impor tant
element of the late Palaeolith ic economy in Epirus (Higgs e t ai, 1966),
where the species concerned are Deer and Horse, so tha t we mus t consider the implications of such studies for the situa t ion in Spai n .
The evidence for seasonal movement of peoples in recent t imes in
Spain is abundant (Fribourg, 19 10; Klein, 1920; VHa Valent;, 1950; Fa n-
16 -
[page-n-17]
FAUSA CUEVA DEL
vOLcls
11
ta'leila, 1951) . Cabo Alonso (1960) estimates that 1/5 of all sheep in
Spain are transhumant. But modern transhumance patterns can on ly be
used as a model for prehistory by careful examina tion of the reasons for
the mo'lement . It is well documented (Kle in, 1920) on the Meseta that ela borate legislation has often been necessary to preser'le seasonal gra ring
patterns. Other legislation can res trict the dispersi:::n of animal s. Thus a
recen t report on the de'lelopment of agriculture in Spa in by the Internat ional Bank for Reconst ruction and De'lelopment (1966) has described how
such prohibition by the Patr imonio Foresta l has led to the elimination of
herds and of groups of herds. They recommend t hat the GO'lernment
shoul d «carefully consider any reafbresta t ion plans on land whi ch is likely
to be on ly marginally useful for t im ber product ion and on which goats
are, or might be, pas tured und~r suitable con t rol ». Today the area a'lail able to the ftock of 200 breeding goats from Barig is restricted by
p lantat ions, where pre'liously more goats occupied all the h illslopes with in
the village boundary. Despite this res triction, the goa ts live on the
Monduber massi f all year. This may be due to the fact that Barig has no
grazing rights in areas more favourable at d ifferent seasons, or it may be
due to the except ional nature of the '1illage terri tory, where today th e
herd can f ind suitable pasture to feed young, bred three times each year.
Higgs (et aI, 1966) demonstrated in Greece how snow cover made winter occupa tion o f Kastri tsa uneconomic a nd Carter (1970), has shown how
.... egetat ion zones may in fl uence patterns of si te occupa tion . Studies of this
type are being under taken in Spain wit h special emphaSis on areas in'lolved
in modern transhumance patterns. Thus the Palaeolithic occupation of the
Pyrenees was certa in ly affected by the impossib ili ty of living in the h igh
Pyrenees in winter . In the Va lencia region today there are many differen t
types of pastora lism. Many villages have fl ocks of sheep whi ch gr.aze the
rice stubble and the paths between field s and orange grO'les. This diet
may be suppl emented in winter by dried oranges. Another common patte rn
is a short distance movemen t, as from the village of Sima t, at the foot the
nor the rn slopes of the Monduber massi f. The flock winters on the n'lOun ta in, near the Palaeolithic site of Les Mallae tes (Fletcher, 1956 a & bl,
and moves to the shaded walks between orange gro'les in summer. Long
dis tance migra t ion today is g ~ne ra ll y assis ted by lorries, though it is c\')im ·
ed tha t the same routes used to be walked. The Mesta (Klein, 1920, 28),
demonstra tes that flocks will walk at leas t 300-400 km . in search of p.astures. Shepherds move from the southern part of Va lencia pr·ovince to
Cuenca and the writer me t one independent shepherd who spent the sum·
mer in Andorra, and the winter south of Valencia . This remarkable mi gra tion may be attributed to market factors rather than to environmenta l
-
3
17 -
[page-n-18]
12
I. DAVIDSON
pressures, seasonal availabi lity of gra%.ing, etc. Spanish prehis tory would
be trans formed if we CQuld es tablish seasonal movements parallel to this in
the Pleistocene.
The sites of Valencia province (parpa1l6, Les Mallaetes, Rates Penaes,
Barranc Blanc, Maravelles and Volcan), have usually been conside red together because of their simi lari t ies in art efac ts. The new light thrown on
man -anima l relationships might suggest independant connexions with si tes
outside this coastal area. Certainly. jf we adopt the suggest ion that goats
would not prefer a pl ains situation, and that it is on ly environment which
preven ts the exploita tion of goats at Volcan, then the diff erences in behaviour indica ted suggest that there was not a very close connexion between
Parpa ll6 and Volcan o The pa tterns of exploi ta t ion of deer and horse may
well serve to s tress t he relationships between man and these animal s, but
the site of Parpall6 mus t have been in rather special circumstances, if goat
was t he most abundant species there . Deer and horse both migrate large
distances in search of past ure, but goat do not move so far . An economy
based on all three of these animals wou ld involve complex patterns of be haviour as the animal s moved in their grazing succession (Bell , 1970) to
sui table areas. It is tempting to conclude tha t Parpal16 could have been
occupied all year based on goat whi le parts of the popula t ion moved else where possibly to the hills on the edge of the Meseta with deer or horse .
More ligh t should be shed on th is hypothesis and its impl icat ions for the
s tudy of goat husbandry in Spain by furth er study of t he fauna1 collections
from Valencia prOVince.
SU M MAR Y
1. The most important food anima ls at la Cueva del Volcan del Faro
(Culleral. during the Bronze Age were sheep/goat, wi th some deer and pig.
During the whole period of occupa t ion before the appearance of potl ery,
deer and horse were the most important .
2 . The absence of goa ts in the palaeolithi c layers contrasts st rongly
with the fauna at the nearby site of Parpal 16, where th ey were the most
abundan t animal in all layers.
3 . Reasons lor the absence of goats are examined and it is suggested
tha t environmental factOIS may be mos t impor tant . The situa tion suggests
a complex relationship betw~en the sites of Valenci a prov ince and it IS
hinted tha t there may be some evidence for the herding of goats at Parpall6 during the Pleistocene. The presen t s tudy sugges ts new areas for re search .
(Cambridge, 6/7 /1 1)
-
18 -
[page-n-19]
PAUNA CUEVA DEL
votcAs
B
RESUMEN
I. Los p.incipal~5 onimol~s para 1 ol im~nlot ion du.onl~ 10 Edad del Bronce lUMen,
0
en 10 Cuevo del Volcan, ~jo /cobl'"o (ovicopr i~), con 0100 d~ ciervo y cerdo 0 joboli.
~u;~:~~~:a I~ =OC:~::' IC:=~~i6n, ont~s de la oporic;,,;n d~ 10 cero mico, !".eran el cl~ryo
2. La ousenclo d~ cobra ~n los niy~l~s poleolilicos cont.osto fu~r l em~nl~ con 10 launo
del yedno yocimien lo del Pa rpallo, dond~ es el animal mOs obu ndonte ~n lodos los niyelH.
3. Los COUS05 de 1 ous~",io de cobra son ~xominodos, suponi~ndose Que los foclo.es
0
ombi ~n\oles pudieron se. los mOs impo. lontH. La ubicacia" suglere Un(! complejo .elocion
en t.e los yaclmienl os de 1 proy;ndo d~ Vot~ncio, y S~ inslnuo que pudo hobe. rebgno, de
0
cob.os ~n ~I Po rp.o ll6 durante el P leisl oc~no. El p.~sen l ~ eSludio plonteo nu~vos problemos
PO(O inyes ligor en pOs teriores t.oboios.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like 10 thank 011 those f.iends, Engl ish ond Sponish who help ed and encouraged
in many ways. A. gron l from Ihe Ridgewoy-Venn Troyel Fund helped finance th e troY~1 and
Sel wyn ColI~g~ also provided !inaneiel support.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A.LMAGRO BASCH, M .: 1941. " El Poll!O lil ico Espoiiol". In Menendu Pidol, R. (ed.) 1941.
Historlo d~ Espoiio. Madrid.
A.PARICI O PEREZ, J. Cs FLETCHER VALLS, D.: 1910. "Cuevo Poleolitico d~ "Volc6n del
Foro", Culle.o, Valencia". Cr6nico del XI Cong.eso Nocion.of de Arqueotogio.
8ELL, R. H. V. : 1910. "The Us~ of Ihe Herb Loy~r by Grozing Ungulotes in the Se:rengeti".
In Wo tson, A. {ed., " Animol Populolions in R ~lolion 10 their Food Rewurc~s". Symp.
Br. Ecol. Soc.
80ESSNECK, J .: 1%8. "RHtos Oseos de An imole<> d~1 Cerro de 10 Virgen, en Orce, y d~ 1
Cerro del Reol , en Galero (Gronada)". Na ticia.io ArqueolOgica HispOnica, X·X II : 112·189.
BOESSNECK, J.: 1969. "Die Knoch~nfunde y(lm C~rra del Reol bei Galero (Prov. Granadal",
MUnchen.
80NIFAY, M. F,: 1%3. "Presence d' Equlu hyd,"ntin"s dons 10 Gra"e de Riga be (Vorl"·
Annales de Poleontalogie. XLIX : 160.110.
BON IFAY, M . F.: 1961. "L'EqulIs hyd.untinu, de 10 Baum~- ROI.lsse Ilozerel". L'Anlhropala.
gie. 68, 3·1 : 381·396.
BUTZER , K. W . Cs CU EROA, J.: 1962. "Formociones Cuole.norios del U torol £Sle de Mo·
Itorco". Boie lin de 10 Socledod de Historio Natural de 80leores. VII: 3·29.
BUTZER, K. W. C:r FREEMAN , l. G.: 1968. " Pollen Anolysls 01 C. del Toll, Ca talonia: 0
crl ticol r~·appraisor". Geologi~ e n M ijnbouw, 41 12 1: r 16·120.
CABO AlONSO, A.: 1960. "La Gonoderia Esponolo: eYoluclon y tendencios o,tuoles". Es·
tudios Gcogro flcos XX I, 19: 123· 169.
C .... 8RERA LATORRE, A. : 1919. "Momif ~ra5 del Yaci mienlo So l u t rens~ de Son Jullon de Ra·
mis" . Trebolls del Mus~u de Cienci ~s Noturols de 8orc~lono, VI I, I : 5·21 .
CARTER , P. l.: 1970. "Lole Slo"e Age E)Cpioilolion Potterns in Southern Nalol" . S. Air.
Archoeol Bull. 25: 55·58.
CAS AS TORRES, J . M.: 1943. " Asp~c l o Geoorofico del Probl~,,'o de 10 P.opielkrd de los T ie·
rros Arrol0les Creodos A'\ ifidol ment e en el Logo d~ La Albulero de Valencia" . Es tudios
GeQg.6 ficos, IV: 313·393.
OA NSGAARO, W.; JOHNSEN, S. J.; MOLLE R, J., Cs LANGWAY, Jr" C. C.: 1969. "One
Thousond Centurie\ of Climatic Record frOm Camp Cen tu.y on The Greenland ic~ Sh~e t " ,
Scienc~, 166: 311. 381.
OON NER, J . J . Cs KURTEN , S. : 1958. "The Floral and Founa1 Succession 0 / C. del Toll,
Spain", Eiu.~i tolter und Geg~nwo.t, 9: 12~82,
fATON , R. L.: 1969. "CooperaT iYe Huntir>g by Che~tohs and Jackol$ ond 0 Theo.y 01 00·
mn ticalion of th~ Dog" . MOmmalio XXXIII, I: 81 ,
ELlERMAN, J. R. C:r MORR rSON·SCOTT, T. C. 5. : 1966. "Check Lis t of PaloeorClic and
Indian Mammals, 11 58·1946". 2nd edn. London.
ELTON, C.: 1950: "The Ecology of Animals". London.
-
19 -
[page-n-20]
"
I.
DAYIDSO~'
FLETC HE R VAlLS, 0 .: 1956 o. "Prob\~es eT p,ogr" d", Po\(olilhiquc el du Mewlit h iqu ..
de 1 Region de Valencia tEspognej", Quar tor, 1/8: 66-90.
0
FL ETCH ER VAlLS, D.: 1956 b. "Euodo Ac tual del h tudio del Poleolilico y Mcsoli lico Volendonos". RevislD de AfChivos, Biblio tKOS 'I Museos, 62: 841 _16.
FLETCHER, 0, & APARIC IO, ) .: 1969 Q. " Bas iOn de mondo procedente de CuUera (VolenciQ.
Espoiio)". Quor tor, 20: 189-193.
Fl ETC HER, D. & APARICl O, J.: 1969 b. "NOlicia de los hcoyocionl's Efec luodos 1.'" 10
CUtvO del Valciln del Foro". Archiyo de Prehistorio LevQ,1Iina. XII : 1. 18 .
FONTAVELLA, V.: 1951. " La Tronshumancla 'I Evoluci6n Gonodcro-Iono, en 10 ployjncio de
Va lencia". Estudios GeogrQ l j(os, X II : 1'73-805.
FRIB OURG, A.: 1910. " La Tro nshumonce en Espognc". "'nnoles de Geogroph ie n 9 10!; 23!.
GIGOUT , M . M.: 1959. " A Prapos du Qyaternaire SUr le Ulora l des Prayinces d ... Leya nt
Espagnal Quaternaire Ma rin". Camp tes Rendus des Seancrs de I' Academ ie des Sciences,
9 Nay. 1959.
HARRISS, J . c.: 1971. " Expla na t ion in Prehis tory". Proc. Prehist. Soc., 37, I: 38-55.
HIGGS, E. S.: 1961. "Some Pleistocene Faunas of th e Medi terranean Coostal Areas". Pro ceed ings PrehiS L Soc., 27: 144.1 5".
HtGGS, E. S. [;, JARMAN , M . R.: 1969. " The Origins of Agricult ure:
Reconsidera tio n".
An tiqu ity, '13: 31_4 !.
HIGGS, E. S. & VITA_FINZ I, Co; 1966. " The Climate, Enyironment and Industri es 01 Stone
Age Greece. Pt . 11 ". Proc. Prehis t. Soc., 3 2: I.
H IGGS, E. S.; V1TA- FINZI , Co; HA RR IS, D., & FAGG, A.: 1961, " The Clima te, Environmen t a nd Industri es of Stone Age Greece. Pt. JlI ". Proc. Prehist . Soc., 33: 1.
HOUSTON , J. M.; 1959. " Lond-u~e ond Socie ty in t!'e Plain 01 Valencio". In Geograph ic ol
Essays in MerT10lY of Alan G. Ogilvie ed. by M iller, R. & Wrelord Wa tson, J., pp. 163 -94.
IN TERNAT IONAL BAN K FOR RECONSTRUCT ION AND DEVELOPMENT; \966. "T!'e Deyelopment of Agriculture in Spai n". Woshington D. C.
ISMC, G. lI.: 1961. " Towards the Interp!'e tation of Occupa tion Debris: some EI(~riment5
a nd Observations". Kraeber An throp. Soc. Pa~rs, 31: 31-58.
ISSAAC, G. LI.: 1911. " The Diet o f Early Man: aSp« ls of Archaeological Evid ence from
LOW er and Middle Pleistocene Si tes in Afr ica" . World Archaeology, 2, 3: 278-300.
JARMAN , M. R.: 1971. "Culture and Economy In the Nor th Italian Neolit h ic". World
Archaeology, 2 , 3: 255- 2 65.
JONES, R.: 1970. "Tasmanian Aborigines and Dog$" . Mankind, 7, 4 : 256.
KLE IN, J.: 192 0. "The Mes la: a ~ t udy in Span ish Economic Hls tOfY". Ch icogo.
KRUUK, H. & TURNER, Mo: 1967. "Comparot iye Note on Predotion by Lion, Leopald,
C!,eetoh a nd Wild Dog in the Serengeti Areo, Eosl Africo". Mommal ia XXX I, 1: 1-27.
VON LOWENSTERN, E. S.: 1969. " Industrie Ramanetlione e Neolilie he neUo Grotto dello
P'au iehe". Rivi5la di Sdenze Prei5l0riche, XXIV, 1: 103.
VO N LOWENSTERN, E. S.: 1970. " Pr ima Campogna di Scavi nello GrOTlo Morio Bernord;".
,Rivista d i $(:ienze Pre istoriche, XXV , 1: 98.
MABESOONE , J . M. : 1966. " DePOsitional Environmen t ond Provenance o f the Sed iments
in the Guodole te Estuary (Spai n !". Geologie en Mijnbouw , 4 5: 2 5-32.
MEN END EZ AMOR, J . & FLORSC HUTZ, F.: 1961. " Resul todo de l Ano lisis Po lin ico d e una
Se rie de Muest.es de Tu rbo Recogidos en 1 Ere to de l Pedrega l ( N avarre~, Va le ncia)" .
0
Arc h ivo de Prehis toria Leva nt ino, IX : 97_99.
MENENOEZ AMOR, J. 6- FLORSC HOT Z . F.: 1964. " Results from the prelimi nary Pely nologico l Inves tiga tion o f Samples from 0 50 m . boring in S. Spai n". Ball. Reol Soc. £5panola de His loria Na tu ra l (Geol. l, 62: 2 51-55.
MOMB LAN CH Y GONZALBfS. F. Of P.: 1960. " His tor io de 10 Albufero de Va lencio".
Val e ncia.
ODU M, B. P.; 1959. " Fu ndamentals o f Ecology", (2 nd Ed it ion!.
PERI COT GA RC IA. l.: 1968. "Lo vida econ6mico de Espane duran te el Pa leo litko superior". In Torrodel1. M. led.! 1968. Es tudios de economio ont iguo de 10 Peninsu la IbCrico.
8arcelona.
PERICOT, L.: 194 2. "La Cuevo del Porpallo", Modrid.
PETTE R, F.: 1959. " { I~ent 5 d'une revision des jievres a fricoins du sous genre Lep ... ".
Mommalia, XX III. '1 1_67.
PETTER, F.! 1961. " { Iemen ts d 'u ne revisiOn des liev'es w.~ens et osio t iQue~ de sousgenre Le p...... Z. SOuge tierk, 26: /_11.
PETT ER, F.: 1963. "Nouveaux elements d'une revision des lievres o frko ins". Mammal ie,
XXV II : 2 38·255.
°
-
20 -
[page-n-21]
fA UNA Ctl l!VA I>£L VOLCAN
PFEFFER, p,: 1967. "Le Mouflon de coue (Oy;S om ",on mu,imon Schreber, 17821; posilion
~y$t emoliQue, ~ologie et elhologie comporees", Mammalia, XXX I, Supplement : 1-262,
RODR IGUEZ, M.: 196(). "la Cobra MOnIeS en Sierra N ~a". DocumentO$ Tec nicos Serie
Cinegetica.Publicoc.ion, nu.... I. Min is terio de Ag ricu llura.
ROSSElLO VER GER , V, M.: 1963. "NalOS Preliminores 0 10 Marfologio lilorol del Node
de Volencio" . Soilobi, XIII : 105·1 '1'1,
ROSSELlO, V. M. : 1968. "El Mocizo de Mondul/er; esludio geomorfol6gico". Estudios Geo·
gro ficOS, 112 ·1 136- 423.415.
RQSSElLO, V, M.: 1969. "El 'itorol volentio, I. El medi 'isic i humCi", Valenc ia.
SAN VAlER O APARISI , J ,: 1955. " El Or igen de 10 Agricu llura y Ce.amica Valenciooas", El·
oologio Valenclaoa, n .... m. I. Institu to de Estudios IbericO$ y Etnologio Valenciana.
SOS BA INAT, V.: 19'1 2, "Avonce 0 uoo Clasilicacian de 10 Fauno de l Po rpo llo", Se,ie de
Troboias Vorios del S, I. P. de Valencia, n um. 5: 43-55,
SC HALLER, G. B, 6- lOWT HER, G. R,: 1959. "The Relel/ance of Cornil/Ore Beho~ jour to
Ihe Study of Eorly Haminids". Sou th weslern Journal of Anthropology, 25, 4: 307·341.
STEHLlN , H. 6- GRAZ IOSI, P.: 1935 . " Ricerche sugl i osi nid i fassili d'Europo". Mem, de
10 Sac, Palcon ta l. Su isse, LVI, 73 p,
TAUBER, H.: 1965. "Differenlial Pollen DisperSion and Ihe Interpretalioo of Ponen Dia·
g roms", Danmark, Geologiske Undersogle, II Raelke , num, 89.
TEMPLADO, D. 6- MESEGUER, J.: 1947, " Mopo Geol6gico de Esporia: EKpllcocion y Hoja
n',m. 722, Valencio". Ins ti/ul o Geol6gico y Minera de Esporio, num. 106. Madrid,
TORRES PEREZHIDALGO, T .: 1971. " Fa una F""iI de 1 Cue~a de los Muri«as, Abenojar
0
(Ci uded Real\". Balelin Geol6gica y Minero, LXXXII , I: 37-'16,
VAN DER HAMMEN, T., MAARLEVELD, G. C" VOGEL, J . C. & ZAGWIJN , W. H. : 1967.
"Slrol igrophy, Climalic Succession and Radiocarbon Dol ing o f Ihe lost Glacial in the
Netherlands". Geologic en Mijnbouw, 46: 79-95.
VILA VALENT!, J,: 1950. "Uno Encuesla sabre 10 Troshumoncio en COloluria", Pirineos,
V I, 17.18: '105-4'15.
VITA-FINZ I, C. : 1969. " The Mediterrone
VITA -FINZ I, C. 6- HIGGS, E. S, c l 01: 1970. " Prehis toric Economy In Ihe MI. Co.mel
Areo of Polesl ine: Sill' Ca tchment Analysis". PrO(. Prehisl. Soc., 36: 1-38.
WERNERT, P.: 1956, " Equ ul co:r.uuoi" Cobrera, 1919, 0 " (quuI (olinUI ) hyd.untinul " ,
Regalio, 1907 , en el Abrigo de l Cueto d e 10 Mina lA5tur i a~)" , In JordO CerdO, F. 1956
(~ , I Ubra Hometloje 01 Conde d e 10 Vego de Sella, o...iedo,
YOM. TOV, Y. : 1967. "On Ihe Ta~onomic Stotus o f the Hore'S (Genus Le pus l in I$rael".
Mammalia, XXXI, 2: 246,
ZEUNER, F. E.: 1953, "The Chronology of the Mous ter,o n at Gorhom's Cove, Gibraltar".
Proc. Preh is t. Soc, 19 (2) : 180- 88.
lEUNER, F, E.: 1963. "The His tory o f Domestic Animals". London,
-
21 -
[page-n-22]
[page-n-23]
lAIN DAV IDSON
(Selwyn College, Cambridge)
The Fauna from La Cueva del Volcan del Faro
(Cullera. Valencia). A Preliminary Discussion
A.
THE FAUNA
An examination of the animal bones from th e first season of excavations at «La Cueva del Yolcan del Faro, Cullera» (see e . g . Aparicio & Fletcher, 1970) was undertaken as part of a detailed examination of the economy of the site, and its relationships with other sites in the area . For
the purposes of thi s ana lysis it was fe lt that it was most important to
consider which were the most abundant food sources.
The deposit divides into two convenient parts, according to the artefacts and according to the condition of the bones. At the top, layers I-IV
contain materia l described as Bronze Age. Layer V is archaeologically sterile, but some bones were found contaminating the deposit. There is no
Neolithic artefact material, but in layer V I and below there is no pottery
and the artefacts have been described as Magdalenian, and t he sequence
cont inues to layer XXV III at a depth of 11 '25 m. Layer X IX contains the
fi rst example of a Baston de Mando from Mediterranean Spain . (Fletcher &
Aparicio, 1969a and .I 969b) .
Layer I: Sea-shells, several species. Dyis sp. or Capra sp.
Layer II - IV : Ovis sp. or Capra sp., Cervus sp., Sus scrofa, LepII. sp. or
Oryctolagll' sp., Bo. sp., small Carnivore, Bird, Crustacean, Sea-shell, 2 species of Fish.
Layer VI-XXVI II : Equlls sp., Ceryus sp. both abundant. Lepus sp. or
Oryctolagus sp. common. Small numbers of other species; Pig, Cattle, Bird
and ?Hedgehog, 2 species of Carnivore.
The re was only one bone of Capra sp., a complete maxilla in layer XX III.
-7-
[page-n-8]
2
I. DAVIDSON
B.
THE ANIMALS REPRESENTED
Most interest centres on the animals from the palaeoli th ic layers and
the ir relevance to the relationships that exist between thi s si te and Parpal16 (Pericot, 1942), a d istance of 21 km . away as th e crow fl ies. Detail ed
Identificat ions and quan t itative assessments are being undertaken and particular emphasis will be placed on the most important food sources; horse
and deer.
Steh lin and Gra ziosi (1935 ) did no t claim any Equus hydruntinus sou th
of t he Pyrenees, but Wernert (1956) reclassi fi ed the E. caz urroi of S. J ulia
de Ramis, Gerona as E. hydruntinus and Boessn eck (1 968 & 1969) suggests,
t hat it m ay be present in Granada during the Bronze Age. This anima l is
common in the Salento peninsula in Italy at si mi lar latitude and in a simi lar environment to parts of Va lencia and at sites contemporary to Parpall6 and Volcan. It will be of interest to determine whe ther it was present t his far sou th in Spai n during the late Ple istocene, o r whether it is
only the previously identified Equ us caba llus which is present (1) .
(I) The eli$te~ of both large and sman equid, I ' Volein Ind I1 Parpallo h.u now
been confirmed. The T able and Graph indica te the extent of the size differences of Ist Phalam: sptCimens from both sites compared to the published measurements for tWO French
sites (Bonilay, 1963, 162; 1964, 393). At this stage sophis tica ted ,uatbtical trea tment is not
passible due to the smaU samples, though Student', I T es ts IUn"t that the difference beween
the measurements of the Width of the Distal Articulation i, significant at the 0'02 level.
EqwlI hidnmlhinllS (sic) has recently been reponed from Ciudad Real (T on es, 197 1) but
the lack of suatigraphy at the site does 110t excl ude the possibil ity that this is .. modern
e:JIllmple. Notwithsuanding:, the published fauna includes Rhinoceros mnc/l: ii and A/en a/ells
as well as CIIJ'VIU f lapllllS and E'qll I4S caool/us. The meuurcments of the fint phalanx of the
.alter agree well with the above.
Comparison of the ParpaU6 material with that published fcom Geron. (Cabrera, 1919)
and oC both Valencia n sites with France confirm, Wem ert't identification of E'qllI4S (Asinl4s)
Ilvdrunlilll4s an d extends th e range of the ~pecies during the Pleistocene into Southeast Spain
for the first time (26-1-1972).
TAB L B
x
y
...
... ... ...
23'7
23'6
407
... .. . .
... .
... ..
17'S
19'1
29'1
27'"
d
d
Parpa llo .. .. . ...
Parpa ll 6..
d'
,
•
b
Parpa1l6 ..
.
..
VolC1in ... ...
Rigabe ... . ..
.
Baume - Rous$e .. .
,,~
1O~
27'5
16'4
31'S
Table of measurements of E ql4j,u sp. 1st Phalanx, D istal cnd. Measurements in millimetres.
X - Thickness of DislIl Epiph ysis. Y _ Width of Distal ArticuJation.
-8-
[page-n-9]
"AUS ... Ol EVA DEL
vou:.4:s
3
T he Deer spec ies is almost cer tainly Red Deer, Cervus ela phus, but the
possibility must be considered that there is some Da ma sp., as this species
has been reported fr ::lm Parpall6. Much more material par t icularly an t lers
mus t be st udied before t his can be conf irmed (21 .
The ques tion of the Lag::lmorphs wi11 also be considered . At Parpal16,
Sos y Bainat (1947) writes of hare, lepu s cun ic ulus, wh ile Pericot (1 968),
writes of rabbi t, Oryct olag us c un ic ulus. In recen t studies o f hares in Spain,
Africa and Israel (Petter, 1959 , 1961 & 1963 ; Yom-Tov, 1967), it has been
demonstrated tha t the de tailed taxonomy of the Le pu s species may be un impor tant, s ince size clines exist be tween species as defined for Mediterra nean areas, under the in flue nce of Bergmann's and Alien's Laws . There are
Wd is t.
art.
Equus
Phal.1.
d •
d .
40
cabal! us
35
b.
30
d' •
a.
c.
hyd runt inus
25
5
10
15
20
Tdist ep.
(l) Nunoe of the material studioed , to the proescnt date, fronl any of the sitcs of the pro"incoe, suggC$ts the proescncc of more than onc spccioes of deoer , which is Red Deer, Cn'tIl lS
~;"plml. In addition, aU the I~th $0 far studied from I'arpallu, attributed originally by Sos
10 ot her d~r species _ Roe Doeoer, Capuolus caprrolllS, or Fallow I)coer, C .. rtlIIS damll or Din""
(ia"," -or 10 Chamois, R •• picllpra n,picllprtl, have been of young animals, with milk dentition,
the deer of Red Deer, C .. rtlUS .. laplHIS and the Chamois of Goat, Cllprll Ip. It rema ins to be
sccn whether any of thoe other animals an: prcsem at any of the Late Pala""lithic si t(:$ 01
V~ lencia.
,
-.-
[page-n-10]
I. O",VIOSON
however shades of difference between the environmental requirements at
hares and rabbits and it will be important to sett le this problem. Per icot
t 1968), has suggested that rabbits (or whatever species is represented) may
have been one th e basic foods of the inhabitants a t Parpall6. Wh ile this
possi bili ty must be ca refully considered, especi ally in view of the universa lity of bones o f this anima l at Palaeoli thic and o ther sites in Spain, it seems
most likely that it was not an important food . Availabl e rabbits may have
been eaten, but were not a staple . The food re presen ted by the horse and
deer greatly outweighs the importance of rabbit in the diet, and if we
make the assumpt ion that the animals drawn and painted in Palaeolithic
art are common food sources, then th is vi ew is suppor ted by the absence
of represen tations of rabbi ts on the engraved and pa inted plaques of Pa rpall6. The condi t ion of the bones also supports it, for most long bones in
particular on ly show fract ures which occur in condi lions other than those
of human predation. The writer has observed identicaJ frac tures in ske le tons found in moorland districts of Britain .
Other animals of m inor im portance in the diet include ca ttle, pig and
possi bl y hedgehog. Cattle and pig are bolh scarce a t Parpall6, and hedgehog, if the identifica tion is correct, is a species not present there.
A much important differen ce is the scarcity of Capra sp., which al Parpall6 was the most abundan t animal in all layers (Sos y Bainal , 1947; Pe rico t, 1942, 268). It was also one of the animals mos t commonly represented on the engraved plaques there .
Di stinc tion be tween all capri ne species is s till diff icult from bonc morphology alone, despite detailed studies, and for Capra sp. drawings a re often
little better. The species to be conside red are C. ibex and C. pyre naica , the
Spanish ibex, wh ilst many drawings would not exclude C. aegragus, t hough
its presence in Spain is unlikely. (Ellerman & Morrison-Sco tt, 1966; tor
d rawings, see Pericot, 1942, 121 ; and figs 149, pag . 159 and 81, pag . 138;
bu t see also fig . 284, pag . 186.) Zeune r (1953, 188 ), poin ts out tha t the
Gibraltar capr ines fall with in the range of variation of C. ibe x. In order to
avoid t he difficu lties involved in t his taxonomy, goa t is preferred t hroughout and taken to mean Capra sp. Some implications of the economic differen ce from Parpall6 represented by the absence of goats from Yolcan will
be considered below.
.- 10 -
[page-n-11]
FAUNA CUI!VA Dl!l VOu:AN
C.
,
THE GOATS (a discussion )
If we are to attribute it to some excavation sampling error, and
the size and range of bone recovered suggests that there is no reason to
do so, th en the absence of goats a t Volc.in is very importan t (3). Recent
~ tu dies (e. g. Isaac, 1967) have emphasised some of t he processes involved in the creation of archaeological assemblages, part icula rl y of fau na.
These involve non-random processes of accumula t ion, preservation and excavation so that there may be no predictable rela tionship between an archaeological fauna assemb lage and a fauna I associa t ion as defined by zoologists. In addition, it is quite common in archaeological report s to discuss
fauna wi t h insufficien t detail, so that we migh t st ress the presence of goat
indica ted by the single maxilla, ra ther than emphasising the more remarkable general absence of goats.
The association of goat, horse and deer in archaeological assemblages
i ~ very common in Spai n during the Pl eistocene, but it is not rare to find
sites where one or more of these is absent. It is rare that it is only goat
of these three tha t is missing. The lis t includes the Mousterian sites at
Bellus, Valencia of Cava Negra (layers C and Al and La Pechina, and in
the North at Capellades, Barcelona -Abrigo Romani. Late Palaeolithic si tes
include S. J ulia de Rami s, Gerona.
;'3) 11,anks to the generous cooperation of D. Domingo F lctcher and D. Jose Aparicio
of thl' S. I. P. of Valencia il was possible for the writer to be presen t doring the 1971 season
of excavations at La Cueva del Voldn and to study the bones as they were excavated. D . Jav;er
1-'011ea of Salamanca University kindly allowed him to sludy the bones from a rt"Cent season
of excava tions at Les M allaetes and work has begun on detailed study of the collection from
Professor PericOI'S excavations of Parpa116. To all of these people are due sincere thanks. As
a result il is possible at this stage to offer some comparisons of numbers of bones, though
definitive estimates of the minimum numbers of an imals arc 1I0t yet possible.
Thus of more than 1900 bones so far identified from Parpal16, 460 are of dee r, 1.234 of
goat, 70 of 80$ sp. and 129 from both species of Eqllll$ $p. At Mallaetes, of nearly 700 bolles
from all levels 100 are of deer, 203 of Gopra sp. and only 7 of the cquids. 10 contrast more
thao 1.000 identified booes from Voldn show 104 of deer, no more than 1 of goat and only
6 of horse. It should be pointed out that the fint campaign had a higher proportion of hor~e.
The totals are com pleted in each case by small animals, some carnivores but mostly ra bbiu.
It may be that the proportion of rabbit bones is mOSt accurately represented by the Voldn
figu res, where they nearly 90 % of the total. An estimate of the mi nimum number of animals
froIT: a sample from the 1971 excavations showed 25 rabbits, 2 deer and 2 equids, about 85 %
r:ohbiu. But these figures used to estimate of meal weights, very much in favour of rabbits
(Ial)!'e rabbits and small deer and horse) would give 200 kg. of deer and horse meat and only
SO kg. of rabbit, some 20 %. This figu re will be estimated more accurately in future studin.
These Hgures are only presented at this stage to emphasise the scarci ty of goats at Voican,
and the possible scarcity of horse at Mallaetes. The figures of minimum numben of animals
and of meat weights are presented to indicate wha t these bone numbers could mean in a
mar.: deta,led d iscussion. These figures should not be taken to mean any more.
-
ll -
[page-n-12]
I.
6
D~YIOSOS
TA
• ,
L
Capra • p.
B•• • p .
Equus • p .
Cervus .p .
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
MOU5TER IAN
Gorham 's cave
P-K "' " ...
J .. ...
H-F.. .
... ...
...
E.. .. .
Cova Negra
E..
D ..
+
e..
B..
A. . ...
L. Pechina ...
Romani. .. . . .
+
.. .
U. PALAEOLlTHIC
Gorham's cave
D-B ... ...
A. . ... ... ...
Castillo ... ... .. .
ParpaI16 .. . ... ...
Romani . . . . . . ...
S. Julia de Ramis ...
Falset ... ... .. .
+
+
+
+
+
+
ME50LlTH IC
La Cocina
... ... ... ...
+
+
+
N. B. Thi s Table does not attem pt to include al l know sites in Spai n .
We may therefore look carefully a t the reasons for the absence at Volcan, and work is in progress on the reasons for their absence elsewhere.
Three main fa c tors which may preven t the dispersion of goats from Parpall6 10 Volcan will ba considered in outl ine here :
I.
11 .
Ill.
Geography.
Environment .. ",d Competition .
Man -Animal Relationships .
-
12 -
[page-n-13]
.."UN" CUf.V" PF.L VOLcAN
I.
7
GEOGRAPHY
It is possible to imagine circumstances in which a geographical barrier
prevented the successful dispersion of a species. This seems particularly
obvious where there is an island population. Only a small rise ot sea- level
above the present height, or extension inland of the sea, would comple tely
isolate the limestone hill on which Vo1cim is situated, and this may be an
explanation for the absence of Neolithic at the si te. It is claimed t hat the
coasl' near Valencia has advanced 3 km. since Roman times {Houston,
1959, 1101, so that a sea inland from the present shore is at least possible,
during the post- glacial period. Much of the present coast line is formed
by recent deposi t ion and inf illing, and the only indica tion we have at present
on Plei stocene sea -levels is the negative fact tha l at Volean the sea was
not an important resource until t he Bronze Age. Gigout (J959) pOin ts to
the lack of visible marine featur es of the Quaternary in the Spanish Levant and concludes tha t there has been tectonic depression in t hese areas,
and particularly of the hill of Voleiln. The occupation of the site cf Volciin
may nol extend back until the date of the high sea-level preceding the
maximum cold phase of Wurm, but its position close 10 the present coast
could provide impor tant evidence about sea- levels if it does. There is at
present no evidence of the isolat ion of the hill of Volciin. However, if the
coasta l route were cut off, without isolating the hill, then the on!y barrier
would be the Sierra de las Agujas. This range is exploited today by herds
and flocks and karst vegetation may not have been very differen t during
the late Pleistocene, so that a similar animal exploitation could have taken
place during the occupa tion of Voleiln and Parpall6. The range is largely
unexplored for palaeolithic si t es .
11 .
ENVIRONMENT AND COMPfTlTION
Si te-catchments were estimated for Vokan and Parpall6 based on the
met hods used by Vita -Finzi and H iggs et al. (1 9101 in Israel (see Map).
These served to emphasise the differences between the environments avail able a t the two sites. Whi le Parpall6 is within a limestone massif and has
several large areas of Terra Rossa and other soil in poljes and doli nes as
well as in the Marchuquera (RosseIl6, 1968), Vokan has a ca tchment domin ated by the present rice fie lds, arronles, and orange groves naranjales, of
the Ribera Baja with less than 5 % of the catchment taken up by the lime stone hill . (Houston, 1959, 186). Both areas are well watered, Parpal16 by
numerous springs and Vo1ciin by the River Jucar and the freshwater la ke,
La Albufera, which formerly extended to within 5 km. of Cullera (de Passa
1844 quoted in Momblanch y Gonzalbez, 1960,21) . The area of the lake
has been controlled at least since the 19th cen tury so that while it had
-
13 -
[page-n-14]
N
···· . . ···· . . ··0'.'.
"•
",
'
r
..
'.
••
••
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
/
••
•
••••
,/
0'
.....
"
00°
".
000
,"L IHtTS
CAVES ..
O~
•••
CATCH"'ENT AREA S
CENT RES OF
POPUl.I, TlON
YILLAGE
CONTOUR LINES
•
•
+
~
AT 100 "'ErRES~
PROVINC IAL
BOUNDARY ' · ' -
" '
"
1: Cucvu del Vo lcan. - 2: Le" ""a lia d es. - 3: El P a r pa ll6. _ 4: lHa ru n llcM. 5: 8 arrll llC Bla n c. - G: Ra tes P cn aell.
a : R tbera Haja . _ b: Sierra de las _~ , ujall. - c: Mond i, be r , - 11 : M;Jrchuquc n . - e: 8lma\. - f : 8 arl,.
I : 300.000
[page-n-15]
F~UN~ OUEY~
DEL VOLCAN
,
area of 14.
ca . 3.()(X) hectares (Casas Torres, 1943 ; and see Houston op. cit., 183) .
The lake is formed by restriction of drainage by dune formati ons, as in
o ther areas of the Valencian coast (RosseIl6, 1963 & 1969, I, 24) . For a
parallel sit ua tion in Majorca, Butzer and Cuerda (1962) have stated that
the final regression of Wurm is characterised by local accumulation of
littoral dunes, a process which continued through one or more phases of
the Holocene . The Geological Survey (Templado and Meseguer, 1947) put
the dep th of Quaternary deposit near Valencia a t between 100 and 200
metres, while Houston (op. ci t., 17 1), puts it at 16m. near Puzol, and
2 10m. near Valencia . Vita-Finzi sugges ts (1969, 69) that much of the
deposit is post-glacial, in agreement with other findings in Mediterranean
areas, and with Mabesoone (1969) in the Guadalete estuary. The chronology of the deposit ion is not well studied and we have little detailed in for mation about the past environments of the si te for periods relevant 10 the
present study. There are no known palaeoenvironmental studies from the
Ribera , and the on ly local pollen diagram is from Ereta de Pedregal , Navarres (Menendez & Florschut z, 1961). If we assume an even rale of soi l
deposition a t that site and extrapolate the two C 14 dates, we might be able
to make est imates of palaeoenvironments back to 11 .000 BP. The change
of soil type from peat, turba , to sandy peat, turba a re nosa, would then be
dat ed to ca . 10 .000 BP, around the onse t of warmer climate in Northern
Europe (Van der Hammen et ai, 1967 ; Dansgaard et ai , 1969) and in agree ment wi th pollen da ta and carbon dates from Padul , Granada (Menendez
and Florschlilz, 1964) . The differences between the pollen diagrams from
Ereta and Padul and between the two diagrams from the same profile at
Cueva del Toll, Moya, Barcelona (Bu tzer and Freeman, 1968) particu la rly
in the varia t ions shown in the tree pollen coun t s emphasise how difficult
it is 10 extrapolate pollen resu lts even to si milar environments. The problems of d ispersion (Tauber, 19651. particularly of tree pollen in areas
where there is considerable vertical zonation of vegetation, me
The recent work of Butzer and Freeman (1968) discusse s the problems
of reconciling pollen and fauna I data, as attempted by Donner
15 -
[page-n-16]
10
I.
O"VIOSO~
ence for different environments, available within the catchment o f the si te
(e . g. Boessneck, 1968), Fluc tuations in climate cou ld alter the available
environmen ts (Higgs, 196 1) , At Volcan there is no indica t ion of non -uni formity of environment, with the exception of 500 hectares in t he imme diate environs of the si te, which may be too small 10 suppor t a popula t ion
o f large mammal s (e . g . goa ts, horses, deer) ei t her al l year, or without compe t ing for the graz.ing on the plain . We must conclude therefore that both
dee r and horse were exploi t ing similar envi ronments, or t ha t there were
environmenta l varia t ions due, ei ther to edaphic fac tors at present unknown,
or to grazing and browsing by herbivores. Odum (1969, 239) indicates
how the reduc t ion of natural predation on a deer population a t Kaibab,
Arizona caused massive reduction of the fores t cover. It may be that the
environment around Cu llera was wooded with some open areas. Zeuner
(1963, 130) and o thers (e . g. Donner and Kur h~ n, 1958; Rodriguez, 1960
and Pfeffer, 1967) emphasise that wild goats are adapted to st eep rocky
environments, par ticularly alpine or beyond the tree line. Th ey browse shrubs,
ra ther than trees or grass, but can be driven to eating most plant s. They
are particularly vulnerable to preda t ion in o ther envi ronment s due to their
adapta tion to escape by agil ity rather than speed. They would not prefe r
a wooded plain bu t may exploi t it (e . g. under control by man) and certainly descended to near sea -level at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar (Zeuner,
1953 ). The ease with which goa ts are herded from Barig, in the vicini ty of
Parpall6, today, may indicate that even that environmen t was no t a favour able one for wild goa ts and that the consistent exploitation of them during
the Late Palaeolithic indicates a close man-animal relationship, perhaps
herding.
It '-
MAN _ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS
The conventional picture of the economy of Palaeolithic times is of
groups of hunters kill ing unsystematically, (e. g . San Va le ro, 1955; Alma ·
gro, 1947, 330) . Th is is being increasi ngl y challenged as new approaches
a re tri ed, in many areas (Higgs & Jarman, 1969; Jones, 1970; Cart~ r ,
1970; Jarman, 19 71 ; Isaac, 197 1; Harri ss, 197 1,52). Predator-prey rela t ionships are rarely unsys tema t ic exploi ta t ions (Elton, 1950, 29; Kruuk &
Turner, 1967; Schal1er & lowther, 1969 ; Eaton, 1969) , Exploita t ion of the
seasonal movements of animal populations is suggested as an impor tant
element of the late Palaeolith ic economy in Epirus (Higgs e t ai, 1966),
where the species concerned are Deer and Horse, so tha t we mus t consider the implications of such studies for the situa t ion in Spai n .
The evidence for seasonal movement of peoples in recent t imes in
Spain is abundant (Fribourg, 19 10; Klein, 1920; VHa Valent;, 1950; Fa n-
16 -
[page-n-17]
FAUSA CUEVA DEL
vOLcls
11
ta'leila, 1951) . Cabo Alonso (1960) estimates that 1/5 of all sheep in
Spain are transhumant. But modern transhumance patterns can on ly be
used as a model for prehistory by careful examina tion of the reasons for
the mo'lement . It is well documented (Kle in, 1920) on the Meseta that ela borate legislation has often been necessary to preser'le seasonal gra ring
patterns. Other legislation can res trict the dispersi:::n of animal s. Thus a
recen t report on the de'lelopment of agriculture in Spa in by the Internat ional Bank for Reconst ruction and De'lelopment (1966) has described how
such prohibition by the Patr imonio Foresta l has led to the elimination of
herds and of groups of herds. They recommend t hat the GO'lernment
shoul d «carefully consider any reafbresta t ion plans on land whi ch is likely
to be on ly marginally useful for t im ber product ion and on which goats
are, or might be, pas tured und~r suitable con t rol ». Today the area a'lail able to the ftock of 200 breeding goats from Barig is restricted by
p lantat ions, where pre'liously more goats occupied all the h illslopes with in
the village boundary. Despite this res triction, the goa ts live on the
Monduber massi f all year. This may be due to the fact that Barig has no
grazing rights in areas more favourable at d ifferent seasons, or it may be
due to the except ional nature of the '1illage terri tory, where today th e
herd can f ind suitable pasture to feed young, bred three times each year.
Higgs (et aI, 1966) demonstrated in Greece how snow cover made winter occupa tion o f Kastri tsa uneconomic a nd Carter (1970), has shown how
.... egetat ion zones may in fl uence patterns of si te occupa tion . Studies of this
type are being under taken in Spain wit h special emphaSis on areas in'lolved
in modern transhumance patterns. Thus the Palaeolithic occupation of the
Pyrenees was certa in ly affected by the impossib ili ty of living in the h igh
Pyrenees in winter . In the Va lencia region today there are many differen t
types of pastora lism. Many villages have fl ocks of sheep whi ch gr.aze the
rice stubble and the paths between field s and orange grO'les. This diet
may be suppl emented in winter by dried oranges. Another common patte rn
is a short distance movemen t, as from the village of Sima t, at the foot the
nor the rn slopes of the Monduber massi f. The flock winters on the n'lOun ta in, near the Palaeolithic site of Les Mallae tes (Fletcher, 1956 a & bl,
and moves to the shaded walks between orange gro'les in summer. Long
dis tance migra t ion today is g ~ne ra ll y assis ted by lorries, though it is c\')im ·
ed tha t the same routes used to be walked. The Mesta (Klein, 1920, 28),
demonstra tes that flocks will walk at leas t 300-400 km . in search of p.astures. Shepherds move from the southern part of Va lencia pr·ovince to
Cuenca and the writer me t one independent shepherd who spent the sum·
mer in Andorra, and the winter south of Valencia . This remarkable mi gra tion may be attributed to market factors rather than to environmenta l
-
3
17 -
[page-n-18]
12
I. DAVIDSON
pressures, seasonal availabi lity of gra%.ing, etc. Spanish prehis tory would
be trans formed if we CQuld es tablish seasonal movements parallel to this in
the Pleistocene.
The sites of Valencia province (parpa1l6, Les Mallaetes, Rates Penaes,
Barranc Blanc, Maravelles and Volcan), have usually been conside red together because of their simi lari t ies in art efac ts. The new light thrown on
man -anima l relationships might suggest independant connexions with si tes
outside this coastal area. Certainly. jf we adopt the suggest ion that goats
would not prefer a pl ains situation, and that it is on ly environment which
preven ts the exploita tion of goats at Volcan, then the diff erences in behaviour indica ted suggest that there was not a very close connexion between
Parpa ll6 and Volcan o The pa tterns of exploi ta t ion of deer and horse may
well serve to s tress t he relationships between man and these animal s, but
the site of Parpall6 mus t have been in rather special circumstances, if goat
was t he most abundant species there . Deer and horse both migrate large
distances in search of past ure, but goat do not move so far . An economy
based on all three of these animals wou ld involve complex patterns of be haviour as the animal s moved in their grazing succession (Bell , 1970) to
sui table areas. It is tempting to conclude tha t Parpal16 could have been
occupied all year based on goat whi le parts of the popula t ion moved else where possibly to the hills on the edge of the Meseta with deer or horse .
More ligh t should be shed on th is hypothesis and its impl icat ions for the
s tudy of goat husbandry in Spain by furth er study of t he fauna1 collections
from Valencia prOVince.
SU M MAR Y
1. The most important food anima ls at la Cueva del Volcan del Faro
(Culleral. during the Bronze Age were sheep/goat, wi th some deer and pig.
During the whole period of occupa t ion before the appearance of potl ery,
deer and horse were the most important .
2 . The absence of goa ts in the palaeolithi c layers contrasts st rongly
with the fauna at the nearby site of Parpal 16, where th ey were the most
abundan t animal in all layers.
3 . Reasons lor the absence of goats are examined and it is suggested
tha t environmental factOIS may be mos t impor tant . The situa tion suggests
a complex relationship betw~en the sites of Valenci a prov ince and it IS
hinted tha t there may be some evidence for the herding of goats at Parpall6 during the Pleistocene. The presen t s tudy sugges ts new areas for re search .
(Cambridge, 6/7 /1 1)
-
18 -
[page-n-19]
PAUNA CUEVA DEL
votcAs
B
RESUMEN
I. Los p.incipal~5 onimol~s para 1 ol im~nlot ion du.onl~ 10 Edad del Bronce lUMen,
0
en 10 Cuevo del Volcan, ~jo /cobl'"o (ovicopr i~), con 0100 d~ ciervo y cerdo 0 joboli.
~u;~:~~~:a I~ =OC:~::' IC:=~~i6n, ont~s de la oporic;,,;n d~ 10 cero mico, !".eran el cl~ryo
2. La ousenclo d~ cobra ~n los niy~l~s poleolilicos cont.osto fu~r l em~nl~ con 10 launo
del yedno yocimien lo del Pa rpallo, dond~ es el animal mOs obu ndonte ~n lodos los niyelH.
3. Los COUS05 de 1 ous~",io de cobra son ~xominodos, suponi~ndose Que los foclo.es
0
ombi ~n\oles pudieron se. los mOs impo. lontH. La ubicacia" suglere Un(! complejo .elocion
en t.e los yaclmienl os de 1 proy;ndo d~ Vot~ncio, y S~ inslnuo que pudo hobe. rebgno, de
0
cob.os ~n ~I Po rp.o ll6 durante el P leisl oc~no. El p.~sen l ~ eSludio plonteo nu~vos problemos
PO(O inyes ligor en pOs teriores t.oboios.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like 10 thank 011 those f.iends, Engl ish ond Sponish who help ed and encouraged
in many ways. A. gron l from Ihe Ridgewoy-Venn Troyel Fund helped finance th e troY~1 and
Sel wyn ColI~g~ also provided !inaneiel support.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A.LMAGRO BASCH, M .: 1941. " El Poll!O lil ico Espoiiol". In Menendu Pidol, R. (ed.) 1941.
Historlo d~ Espoiio. Madrid.
A.PARICI O PEREZ, J. Cs FLETCHER VALLS, D.: 1910. "Cuevo Poleolitico d~ "Volc6n del
Foro", Culle.o, Valencia". Cr6nico del XI Cong.eso Nocion.of de Arqueotogio.
8ELL, R. H. V. : 1910. "The Us~ of Ihe Herb Loy~r by Grozing Ungulotes in the Se:rengeti".
In Wo tson, A. {ed., " Animol Populolions in R ~lolion 10 their Food Rewurc~s". Symp.
Br. Ecol. Soc.
80ESSNECK, J .: 1%8. "RHtos Oseos de An imole<> d~1 Cerro de 10 Virgen, en Orce, y d~ 1
Cerro del Reol , en Galero (Gronada)". Na ticia.io ArqueolOgica HispOnica, X·X II : 112·189.
BOESSNECK, J.: 1969. "Die Knoch~nfunde y(lm C~rra del Reol bei Galero (Prov. Granadal",
MUnchen.
80NIFAY, M. F,: 1%3. "Presence d' Equlu hyd,"ntin"s dons 10 Gra"e de Riga be (Vorl"·
Annales de Poleontalogie. XLIX : 160.110.
BON IFAY, M . F.: 1961. "L'EqulIs hyd.untinu, de 10 Baum~- ROI.lsse Ilozerel". L'Anlhropala.
gie. 68, 3·1 : 381·396.
BUTZER , K. W . Cs CU EROA, J.: 1962. "Formociones Cuole.norios del U torol £Sle de Mo·
Itorco". Boie lin de 10 Socledod de Historio Natural de 80leores. VII: 3·29.
BUTZER, K. W. C:r FREEMAN , l. G.: 1968. " Pollen Anolysls 01 C. del Toll, Ca talonia: 0
crl ticol r~·appraisor". Geologi~ e n M ijnbouw, 41 12 1: r 16·120.
CABO AlONSO, A.: 1960. "La Gonoderia Esponolo: eYoluclon y tendencios o,tuoles". Es·
tudios Gcogro flcos XX I, 19: 123· 169.
C .... 8RERA LATORRE, A. : 1919. "Momif ~ra5 del Yaci mienlo So l u t rens~ de Son Jullon de Ra·
mis" . Trebolls del Mus~u de Cienci ~s Noturols de 8orc~lono, VI I, I : 5·21 .
CARTER , P. l.: 1970. "Lole Slo"e Age E)Cpioilolion Potterns in Southern Nalol" . S. Air.
Archoeol Bull. 25: 55·58.
CAS AS TORRES, J . M.: 1943. " Asp~c l o Geoorofico del Probl~,,'o de 10 P.opielkrd de los T ie·
rros Arrol0les Creodos A'\ ifidol ment e en el Logo d~ La Albulero de Valencia" . Es tudios
GeQg.6 ficos, IV: 313·393.
OA NSGAARO, W.; JOHNSEN, S. J.; MOLLE R, J., Cs LANGWAY, Jr" C. C.: 1969. "One
Thousond Centurie\ of Climatic Record frOm Camp Cen tu.y on The Greenland ic~ Sh~e t " ,
Scienc~, 166: 311. 381.
OON NER, J . J . Cs KURTEN , S. : 1958. "The Floral and Founa1 Succession 0 / C. del Toll,
Spain", Eiu.~i tolter und Geg~nwo.t, 9: 12~82,
fATON , R. L.: 1969. "CooperaT iYe Huntir>g by Che~tohs and Jackol$ ond 0 Theo.y 01 00·
mn ticalion of th~ Dog" . MOmmalio XXXIII, I: 81 ,
ELlERMAN, J. R. C:r MORR rSON·SCOTT, T. C. 5. : 1966. "Check Lis t of PaloeorClic and
Indian Mammals, 11 58·1946". 2nd edn. London.
ELTON, C.: 1950: "The Ecology of Animals". London.
-
19 -
[page-n-20]
"
I.
DAYIDSO~'
FLETC HE R VAlLS, 0 .: 1956 o. "Prob\~es eT p,ogr" d", Po\(olilhiquc el du Mewlit h iqu ..
de 1 Region de Valencia tEspognej", Quar tor, 1/8: 66-90.
0
FL ETCH ER VAlLS, D.: 1956 b. "Euodo Ac tual del h tudio del Poleolilico y Mcsoli lico Volendonos". RevislD de AfChivos, Biblio tKOS 'I Museos, 62: 841 _16.
FLETCHER, 0, & APARIC IO, ) .: 1969 Q. " Bas iOn de mondo procedente de CuUera (VolenciQ.
Espoiio)". Quor tor, 20: 189-193.
Fl ETC HER, D. & APARICl O, J.: 1969 b. "NOlicia de los hcoyocionl's Efec luodos 1.'" 10
CUtvO del Valciln del Foro". Archiyo de Prehistorio LevQ,1Iina. XII : 1. 18 .
FONTAVELLA, V.: 1951. " La Tronshumancla 'I Evoluci6n Gonodcro-Iono, en 10 ployjncio de
Va lencia". Estudios GeogrQ l j(os, X II : 1'73-805.
FRIB OURG, A.: 1910. " La Tro nshumonce en Espognc". "'nnoles de Geogroph ie n 9 10!; 23!.
GIGOUT , M . M.: 1959. " A Prapos du Qyaternaire SUr le Ulora l des Prayinces d ... Leya nt
Espagnal Quaternaire Ma rin". Camp tes Rendus des Seancrs de I' Academ ie des Sciences,
9 Nay. 1959.
HARRISS, J . c.: 1971. " Expla na t ion in Prehis tory". Proc. Prehist. Soc., 37, I: 38-55.
HIGGS, E. S.: 1961. "Some Pleistocene Faunas of th e Medi terranean Coostal Areas". Pro ceed ings PrehiS L Soc., 27: 144.1 5".
HtGGS, E. S. [;, JARMAN , M . R.: 1969. " The Origins of Agricult ure:
Reconsidera tio n".
An tiqu ity, '13: 31_4 !.
HIGGS, E. S. & VITA_FINZ I, Co; 1966. " The Climate, Enyironment and Industri es 01 Stone
Age Greece. Pt . 11 ". Proc. Prehis t. Soc., 3 2: I.
H IGGS, E. S.; V1TA- FINZI , Co; HA RR IS, D., & FAGG, A.: 1961, " The Clima te, Environmen t a nd Industri es of Stone Age Greece. Pt. JlI ". Proc. Prehist . Soc., 33: 1.
HOUSTON , J. M.; 1959. " Lond-u~e ond Socie ty in t!'e Plain 01 Valencio". In Geograph ic ol
Essays in MerT10lY of Alan G. Ogilvie ed. by M iller, R. & Wrelord Wa tson, J., pp. 163 -94.
IN TERNAT IONAL BAN K FOR RECONSTRUCT ION AND DEVELOPMENT; \966. "T!'e Deyelopment of Agriculture in Spai n". Woshington D. C.
ISMC, G. lI.: 1961. " Towards the Interp!'e tation of Occupa tion Debris: some EI(~riment5
a nd Observations". Kraeber An throp. Soc. Pa~rs, 31: 31-58.
ISSAAC, G. LI.: 1911. " The Diet o f Early Man: aSp« ls of Archaeological Evid ence from
LOW er and Middle Pleistocene Si tes in Afr ica" . World Archaeology, 2, 3: 278-300.
JARMAN , M. R.: 1971. "Culture and Economy In the Nor th Italian Neolit h ic". World
Archaeology, 2 , 3: 255- 2 65.
JONES, R.: 1970. "Tasmanian Aborigines and Dog$" . Mankind, 7, 4 : 256.
KLE IN, J.: 192 0. "The Mes la: a ~ t udy in Span ish Economic Hls tOfY". Ch icogo.
KRUUK, H. & TURNER, Mo: 1967. "Comparot iye Note on Predotion by Lion, Leopald,
C!,eetoh a nd Wild Dog in the Serengeti Areo, Eosl Africo". Mommal ia XXX I, 1: 1-27.
VON LOWENSTERN, E. S.: 1969. " Industrie Ramanetlione e Neolilie he neUo Grotto dello
P'au iehe". Rivi5la di Sdenze Prei5l0riche, XXIV, 1: 103.
VO N LOWENSTERN, E. S.: 1970. " Pr ima Campogna di Scavi nello GrOTlo Morio Bernord;".
,Rivista d i $(:ienze Pre istoriche, XXV , 1: 98.
MABESOONE , J . M. : 1966. " DePOsitional Environmen t ond Provenance o f the Sed iments
in the Guodole te Estuary (Spai n !". Geologie en Mijnbouw , 4 5: 2 5-32.
MEN END EZ AMOR, J . & FLORSC HUTZ, F.: 1961. " Resul todo de l Ano lisis Po lin ico d e una
Se rie de Muest.es de Tu rbo Recogidos en 1 Ere to de l Pedrega l ( N avarre~, Va le ncia)" .
0
Arc h ivo de Prehis toria Leva nt ino, IX : 97_99.
MENENOEZ AMOR, J. 6- FLORSC HOT Z . F.: 1964. " Results from the prelimi nary Pely nologico l Inves tiga tion o f Samples from 0 50 m . boring in S. Spai n". Ball. Reol Soc. £5panola de His loria Na tu ra l (Geol. l, 62: 2 51-55.
MOMB LAN CH Y GONZALBfS. F. Of P.: 1960. " His tor io de 10 Albufero de Va lencio".
Val e ncia.
ODU M, B. P.; 1959. " Fu ndamentals o f Ecology", (2 nd Ed it ion!.
PERI COT GA RC IA. l.: 1968. "Lo vida econ6mico de Espane duran te el Pa leo litko superior". In Torrodel1. M. led.! 1968. Es tudios de economio ont iguo de 10 Peninsu la IbCrico.
8arcelona.
PERICOT, L.: 194 2. "La Cuevo del Porpallo", Modrid.
PETTE R, F.: 1959. " { I~ent 5 d'une revision des jievres a fricoins du sous genre Lep ... ".
Mommalia, XX III. '1 1_67.
PETTER, F.! 1961. " { Iemen ts d 'u ne revisiOn des liev'es w.~ens et osio t iQue~ de sousgenre Le p...... Z. SOuge tierk, 26: /_11.
PETT ER, F.: 1963. "Nouveaux elements d'une revision des lievres o frko ins". Mammal ie,
XXV II : 2 38·255.
°
-
20 -
[page-n-21]
fA UNA Ctl l!VA I>£L VOLCAN
PFEFFER, p,: 1967. "Le Mouflon de coue (Oy;S om ",on mu,imon Schreber, 17821; posilion
~y$t emoliQue, ~ologie et elhologie comporees", Mammalia, XXX I, Supplement : 1-262,
RODR IGUEZ, M.: 196(). "la Cobra MOnIeS en Sierra N ~a". DocumentO$ Tec nicos Serie
Cinegetica.Publicoc.ion, nu.... I. Min is terio de Ag ricu llura.
ROSSElLO VER GER , V, M.: 1963. "NalOS Preliminores 0 10 Marfologio lilorol del Node
de Volencio" . Soilobi, XIII : 105·1 '1'1,
ROSSELlO, V. M. : 1968. "El Mocizo de Mondul/er; esludio geomorfol6gico". Estudios Geo·
gro ficOS, 112 ·1 136- 423.415.
RQSSElLO, V, M.: 1969. "El 'itorol volentio, I. El medi 'isic i humCi", Valenc ia.
SAN VAlER O APARISI , J ,: 1955. " El Or igen de 10 Agricu llura y Ce.amica Valenciooas", El·
oologio Valenclaoa, n .... m. I. Institu to de Estudios IbericO$ y Etnologio Valenciana.
SOS BA INAT, V.: 19'1 2, "Avonce 0 uoo Clasilicacian de 10 Fauno de l Po rpo llo", Se,ie de
Troboias Vorios del S, I. P. de Valencia, n um. 5: 43-55,
SC HALLER, G. B, 6- lOWT HER, G. R,: 1959. "The Relel/ance of Cornil/Ore Beho~ jour to
Ihe Study of Eorly Haminids". Sou th weslern Journal of Anthropology, 25, 4: 307·341.
STEHLlN , H. 6- GRAZ IOSI, P.: 1935 . " Ricerche sugl i osi nid i fassili d'Europo". Mem, de
10 Sac, Palcon ta l. Su isse, LVI, 73 p,
TAUBER, H.: 1965. "Differenlial Pollen DisperSion and Ihe Interpretalioo of Ponen Dia·
g roms", Danmark, Geologiske Undersogle, II Raelke , num, 89.
TEMPLADO, D. 6- MESEGUER, J.: 1947, " Mopo Geol6gico de Esporia: EKpllcocion y Hoja
n',m. 722, Valencio". Ins ti/ul o Geol6gico y Minera de Esporio, num. 106. Madrid,
TORRES PEREZHIDALGO, T .: 1971. " Fa una F""iI de 1 Cue~a de los Muri«as, Abenojar
0
(Ci uded Real\". Balelin Geol6gica y Minero, LXXXII , I: 37-'16,
VAN DER HAMMEN, T., MAARLEVELD, G. C" VOGEL, J . C. & ZAGWIJN , W. H. : 1967.
"Slrol igrophy, Climalic Succession and Radiocarbon Dol ing o f Ihe lost Glacial in the
Netherlands". Geologic en Mijnbouw, 46: 79-95.
VILA VALENT!, J,: 1950. "Uno Encuesla sabre 10 Troshumoncio en COloluria", Pirineos,
V I, 17.18: '105-4'15.
VITA-FINZ I, C. : 1969. " The Mediterrone
VITA -FINZ I, C. 6- HIGGS, E. S, c l 01: 1970. " Prehis toric Economy In Ihe MI. Co.mel
Areo of Polesl ine: Sill' Ca tchment Analysis". PrO(. Prehisl. Soc., 36: 1-38.
WERNERT, P.: 1956, " Equ ul co:r.uuoi" Cobrera, 1919, 0 " (quuI (olinUI ) hyd.untinul " ,
Regalio, 1907 , en el Abrigo de l Cueto d e 10 Mina lA5tur i a~)" , In JordO CerdO, F. 1956
(~ , I Ubra Hometloje 01 Conde d e 10 Vego de Sella, o...iedo,
YOM. TOV, Y. : 1967. "On Ihe Ta~onomic Stotus o f the Hore'S (Genus Le pus l in I$rael".
Mammalia, XXXI, 2: 246,
ZEUNER, F. E.: 1953, "The Chronology of the Mous ter,o n at Gorhom's Cove, Gibraltar".
Proc. Preh is t. Soc, 19 (2) : 180- 88.
lEUNER, F, E.: 1963. "The His tory o f Domestic Animals". London,
-
21 -
[page-n-22]
[page-n-23]